Quote
Air twin pipe is a special case of air brake system, spreaded in USA and maybe UK (as I understand).
Air twin pipe is not common in USA, but is a UIC "standard" braking system widely used in Europe and Asia.
It seems to have a strange history. The origin was from Westinghouse in USA. It was first used on electric multiple unit trains. The second pipe is called the "Main Reservoir Pipe" or MRP. The original purpose was to connect together all the main reservoirs on all the motor cars so that they acted as one large reservoir when units were joined in multiple.
It was much later after the introduction of EP braking that it was realised that the MRP could be used to directly charge auxiliary reservoirs, or to supply air for other applications.
The modern twin pipe system developed from that.
More recently EP systems have abandoned the brake pipe altogether. It has been replaced by an electric circuit. In this systems the Main Reservoir Pipe supplies all the air for braking and for other purposes.
Another variation is the SME or Westinghouse-Henry type of braking where the brake pipe is used only for emergency braking and normal braking air is supplied directly to brake cylinders by a straight air pipe. The Westinghouse-Henry system was used by some railways in France and Switzerland. Today the EP version (SMEE) is widely used in Japan and on subways and railcars in USA. This is the type of brake on the Australian railcars also.
In UK the twin pipe air brake idea was also copied for vacuum brakes to make a quick release vacuum brake for diesel multiple units.